I am a Mechanical Engineer, and therefore not an expert on the movement of electrons or Quantum Physics. Nevertheless, I was able to understand the text. It also contains sufficient background information on the nature of solar radiation and wave energy in general that students who do not have much of knowledge on those topics could come up to speed. There is also a section on the various types of PV cells, which helped my students when they were reading Dept of Energy reports that discussed "thin film" and "multi-junction" cells but have no background on what those are.
Direct Energy Conversion discusses both the physics behind energy conversion processes and a wide variety of energy conversion devices. A direct energy conversion process converts one form of energy to another through a single process. The first half of this book surveys multiple devices that convert to or from electricity including piezoelectric devices, antennas, solar cells, light emitting diodes, lasers, thermoelectric devices, and batteries. In these chapters, physical effects are discussed, terminology used by engineers in the discipline is introduced, and insights into material selection is studied. The second part of this book puts concepts of energy conversion in a more abstract framework. These chapters introduce the idea of calculus of variations and illuminate relationships between energy conversion processes.
direct energy conversion angrist pdf 13
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Figure 5. Normalized PEED from nitrogen-doped diamond films. The original theory is three-dimensional normal from Eq. 28 and convolved with the Gaussian instrument function. The theory without scattering has a much higher peak energy and broader distribution. Adding scatter by optical phonons leads to a closer fit to the experimental PEED. Reprinted with permission from Sun et al. (2011).
Figure 11. (A) Electrical circuit of thermionic energy converter with CNT yarn. (B) Optical image of CNT yarn heated to 1333 K by a DC current. Reprinted with permission from Liu et al. (2006).
Figure 12. Net energy exchange H leaving a tungsten tip at a variety of temperatures as a function of field-emission current. Reprinted with permission from Swanson et al. (1966).
Citation: McCarthy PT, Reifenberger RG and Fisher TS (2014) Thermionic and photo-excited electron emission for energy-conversion processes. Front. Energy Res. 2:54. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00054
The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involvesseveral techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latestprogress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. This type ofpaper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications.
Abstract:A thermoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon consisting of the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy (Seebeck effect) or inversely from electrical current into heat (Peltier effect) without moving mechanical parts. The low efficiency of thermoelectric devices has limited their applications to certain areas, such as refrigeration, heat recovery, power generation and renewable energy. However, for specific applications like space probes, laboratory equipment and medical applications, where cost and efficiency are not as important as availability, reliability and predictability, thermoelectricity offers noteworthy potential. The challenge of making thermoelectricity a future leader in waste heat recovery and renewable energy is intensified by the integration of nanotechnology. In this review, state-of-the-art thermoelectric generators, applications and recent progress are reported. Fundamental knowledge of the thermoelectric effect, basic laws, and parameters affecting the efficiency of conventional and new thermoelectric materials are discussed. The applications of thermoelectricity are grouped into three main domains. The first group deals with the use of heat emitted from a radioisotope to supply electricity to various devices. In this group, space exploration was the only application for which thermoelectricity was successful. In the second group, a natural heat source could prove useful for producing electricity, but as thermoelectricity is still at an initial phase because of low conversion efficiency, applications are still at laboratory level. The third group is progressing at a high speed, mainly because the investigations are funded by governments and/or car manufacturers, with the final aim of reducing vehicle fuel consumption and ultimately mitigating the effect of greenhouse gas emissions.Keywords: thermoelectric generator; figure of merit; thermoelectric materials; nanostructuring
Since Botswana is a middle-income country, we note that cost conversions might be necessary when thinking through external validity of cost-effectiveness estimates to a low-income setting54. We consider purchasing power parity conversion rates to assess cost differences across contexts, although this is an imperfect conversion. In 2020, the purchasing power parity conversion to US dollars in Botswana was 4.5 according to World Bank data. In contrast, in Kenya, another example country context, the purchasing power parity conversion is 44. Thus, for the same total cost and assuming similar effectiveness, the cost-effectiveness in Kenya could be up to 10 times higher. Future research could collect cost as well as effectiveness data to directly compare cost-effectiveness of similar approaches across settings. 2ff7e9595c
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